§ EUEU-level drivers
The revised EPBD (Energy Performance of Buildings Directive) sets trajectories for Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) on non-residential and residential stock, with Member State transposition deadlines. CSRD and SFDR reporting requirements indirectly push institutional investors toward retrofit programmes on underperforming assets to prevent stranded-asset exposure. The EU Taxonomy frames asset-level alignment requirements.
§ FRFrance, décret tertiaire (DEET)
Obligation for tertiary buildings above 1,000 m² to reduce energy consumption by −40 % by 2030, −50 % by 2040, −60 % by 2050 against a reference year. Sanctions: "name and shame", administrative penalties, leasing-attractiveness loss. OPERAT platform (ADEME) centralises declarations. Complementary instruments: Energy Performance Contract (CPE), Design-Build-Operate-Maintain (CREM), labels (BBC Rénovation, HPE Rénovation, BBCA Rénovation).
§ CHSwitzerland, MoPEC + Programme Bâtiments + CECB+ + Minergie
MoPEC (Modèles de prescriptions énergétiques des cantons, editions 2014 and 2025 in transposition) sets cantonal energy requirements on retrofits. Federal-cantonal Programme Bâtiments subsidises envelope insulation, heating-system replacement, solar installations, CECB+. CECB / CECB+ Cantonal Building Energy Certificate is a gateway to subsidies and informs the patrimonial business case. Labels: Minergie, Minergie-P, Minergie-P-ECO.
§ UKUK, MEES
MEES (Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards) progressively tightens EPC rating requirements on commercial leasing, with 2030 targets pushing C and B ratings to become the minimum. Non-compliant assets become unleasable: a direct stranded-asset risk.
§ DEGermany, GEG
GEG (Gebäudeenergiegesetz) sets energy requirements on new-build and retrofit, with evolving trajectories on heating-system technology and building-envelope performance. Our practice navigates these frameworks simultaneously: many of our owners hold pan-European portfolios where the retrofit strategy must be coherent across jurisdictions.